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Preface

Audience

Documentation Accessibility

Structure

PL/SQL Sample Programs

What's New in PL/SQL?

New Features in PL/SQL for Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (10.2)

New Features in PL/SQL for Oracle Database 10g Release 1 (10.1)

1 Overview of PL/SQL

Advantages of PL/SQL

Tight Integration with SQL

Better Performance

Higher Productivity

Full Portability

Tight Security

Access to Pre-defined Packages

Support for Object-Oriented Programming

Support for Developing Web Applications and Pages

Understanding the Main Features of PL/SQL

Understanding PL/SQL Block Structure

Understanding PL/SQL Variables and Constants

Declaring Variables

Assigning Values to a Variable

Bind Variables

Declaring Constants

Processing Queries with PL/SQL

Declaring PL/SQL Subprograms

Declaring Datatypes for PL/SQL Variables

%TYPE

%ROWTYPE

Understanding PL/SQL Control Structures

Conditional Control

Iterative Control

Sequential Control

Understanding Conditional Compilation

Writing Reusable PL/SQL Code

Subprograms: Procedures and Functions

Packages: APIs Written in PL/SQL

Inputting and Outputting Data with PL/SQL

Understanding PL/SQL Data Abstraction

Cursors

Collections

Records

Object Types

Understanding PL/SQL Error Handling

PL/SQL Architecture

In the Oracle Database Server

Anonymous Blocks

Stored Subprograms

Database Triggers

In Oracle Tools

2 Fundamentals of the PL/SQL Language

Character Sets and Lexical Units

Delimiters

Identifiers

Reserved Words

Predefined Identifiers

Quoted Identifiers

Literals

Numeric Literals

Character Literals

String Literals

BOOLEAN Literals

Datetime Literals

Comments

Single-Line Comments

Multi-line Comments

Restrictions on Comments

Declarations

Constants

Using DEFAULT

Using NOT NULL

Using the %TYPE Attribute

Using the %ROWTYPE Attribute

Aggregate Assignment

Using Aliases

Restrictions on Declarations

PL/SQL Naming Conventions

Scope and Visibility of PL/SQL Identifiers

Assigning Values to Variables

Assigning BOOLEAN Values

Assigning a SQL Query Result to a PL/SQL Variable

PL/SQL Expressions and Comparisons

Logical Operators

Order of Evaluation

Short-Circuit Evaluation

Comparison Operators

Relational Operators

IS NULL Operator

LIKE Operator

BETWEEN Operator

IN Operator

Concatenation Operator

BOOLEAN Expressions

BOOLEAN Arithmetic Expressions

BOOLEAN Character Expressions

BOOLEAN Date Expressions

Guidelines for PL/SQL BOOLEAN Expressions

CASE Expressions

Simple CASE expression

Searched CASE Expression

Handling Null Values in Comparisons and Conditional Statements

NULLs and the NOT Operator

Conditional Compilation

How Does Conditional Compilation Work?

Conditional Compilation Control Tokens

Using Conditional Compilation Selection Directives

Using Conditional Compilation Error Directives

Using Conditional Compilation Inquiry Directives

Using Predefined Inquiry Directives With Conditional Compilation

Using Static Expressions with Conditional Compilation

Setting the PLSQL_CCFLAGS Initialization Parameter

Using DBMS_DB_VERSION Package Constants

Conditional Compilation Examples

Using Conditional Compilation to Specify Code for Database Versions

Using DBMS_PREPROCESSOR Procedures to Print or Retrieve Source Text

Conditional Compilation Restrictions

Using PL/SQL to Create Web Applications and Server Pages

PL/SQL Web Applications

PL/SQL Server Pages

Summary of PL/SQL Built-In Functions

3 PL/SQL Datatypes

Overview of Predefined PL/SQL Datatypes

PL/SQL Number Types

BINARY_INTEGER Datatype

BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE Datatypes

NUMBER Datatype

PLS_INTEGER Datatype

PL/SQL Character and String Types

CHAR Datatype

LONG and LONG RAW Datatypes

RAW Datatype

ROWID and UROWID Datatype

VARCHAR2 Datatype

PL/SQL National Character Types

Comparing UTF8 and AL16UTF16 Encodings

NCHAR Datatype

NVARCHAR2 Datatype

PL/SQL LOB Types

BFILE Datatype

BLOB Datatype

CLOB Datatype

NCLOB Datatype

PL/SQL Boolean Types

BOOLEAN Datatype

PL/SQL Date, Time, and Interval Types

DATE Datatype

TIMESTAMP Datatype

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Datatype

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE Datatype

INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH Datatype

INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Datatype

Datetime and Interval Arithmetic

Avoiding Truncation Problems Using Date and Time Subtypes

Overview of PL/SQL Subtypes

Defining Subtypes

Using Subtypes

Type Compatibility With Subtypes

Constraints and Default Values With Subtypes

Converting PL/SQL Datatypes

Explicit Conversion

Implicit Conversion

Choosing Between Implicit and Explicit Conversion

DATE Values

RAW and LONG RAW Values

Differences between the CHAR and VARCHAR2 Datatypes

Assigning Character Values

Comparing Character Values

Inserting Character Values

Selecting Character Values

4 Using PL/SQL Control Structures

Overview of PL/SQL Control Structures

Testing Conditions: IF and CASE Statements

Using the IF-THEN Statement

Using the IF-THEN-ELSE Statement

Using the IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement

Using CASE Statements

Searched CASE Statement

Guidelines for PL/SQL Conditional Statements

Controlling Loop Iterations: LOOP and EXIT Statements

Using the LOOP Statement

Using the EXIT Statement

Using the EXIT-WHEN Statement

Labeling a PL/SQL Loop

Using the WHILE-LOOP Statement

Using the FOR-LOOP Statement

How PL/SQL Loops Iterate

Dynamic Ranges for Loop Bounds

Scope of the Loop Counter Variable

Using the EXIT Statement in a FOR Loop

Sequential Control: GOTO and NULL Statements

Using the GOTO Statement

Restrictions on the GOTO Statement

Using the NULL Statement

5 Using PL/SQL Collections and Records

What are PL/SQL Collections and Records?

Understanding PL/SQL Collections

Understanding Nested Tables

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